A Study of the Feasibility of Using a Pulping Aid with Polysulfide Kraft Cooks

The purpose of this paper was to determine the feasibility of using a pulping aid with a polysulfide kraft cook. Since any change in an operation such as pulping must yield a product such that the quality is better or not appreciably reduced and at the same time must be economically acceptible, the feasibility was based on these factors. Tests were made on a standard kraft cook, a polysulfide cook, a cook using the pulping aid alone and a cook using the pulping aid with the polysulfides. From the work conducted, there were no significant changes in the physical and optical tests performed while at the same time, a slight increase in the yield over the standard kraft cook was noted

Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height

Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants